Adjustment or transformation? Disaster risk intervention examples from Austria, Indonesia, Kiribati and South Africa

Change triggered by natural hazards such as pluvial and coastal floods, sea-level rise well risks resulting from water scarcity are highly dynamic related to the effects of ongoing climate change. Whether how societies adapt, adjust, change, or transform because change risks, is a currently debated topic. This question demands revisiting comprehensively addressing existing theoretical foundations transformations in risk management strategies governance find effective ways deal with their social consequences. Hence, paper discusses current developments transformation research exemplifies this discussion four interdisciplinary cases, which co-authors reported previous publications. Findings Austria include within flood zonation. Relocation Indonesia Kiribati showcases its cultural, behavioural economic implications. Water South Africa underlines importance enable structural storage rainwater. analyses aspects adjustment these examples. may inform managers, decision-makers, practitioners, planners dealing conceptualise (re-)actions.